Person knowledge shapes face identity perception

When we meet someone our response depends on whether we know who they are. Even anonymous faces contain information that provides quick clues to a range of factors, from honesty (Fenske et al., 2005) to aggression (Lefevre and Lewis, 2014). When we know a person, presentations stored in long-term memory are also opened, providing access to information that can mimic instantaneous impressions. While early models of facial processing focused heavily on semantic memory as a source of human information (e.g., Bruce and Young, 1986), recent neuroanatomical accounts highlighted the added importance of episodic memory (Gobbini and Haxby, 2007). This combination of facial models and memory leaves an interesting question - how does the memory of the episode contribute to human knowledge? To address this issue we present a diagnostic study using the neural marker of episodic memory. Before describing our research, let us briefly introduce the key features of facial processing models, retrieval processes that support episodic memory and brain signals that can be used to study.

The experience of seeing a face but not being able to identify a person is common and has revived ideas about how a person's identity is achieved, in both facial recognition (Bruce and Young, 1986) and episodic fields (Mandler, 1980). Common to both phases of the model is the idea that recognition and identification are supported by different processes. Model perceptual models (e.g., Green et al., 2000; Bruce and Young, 1986; Burton et al., 1990) come together in the view that facial recognition occurs when incoming sensory information is compared to a different memory representation, and that human identification occurs when cognitive information biography is restored. Coherent neuroanatomical models (Gobbini and Haxby, 2007, Haxby et al., 2000) describe the basic system involved in visual acuity analysis (supporting recognition) and the extended system involved in retrieving human information (supporting identification). In essence, the extended system also explicitly incorporates episode memory as part of human knowledge (see Ferreira et al. (2015) and Lundstrom et al. (2005)) as well as semantic presentations. Facial models may not explain how episodic memory contributes to human knowledge.

Episodic memory models describe two recovery processes: memory and familiarity (Mandler, 1980, Jacoby and Dallas, 1981, Tulving, 1985, Yonelinas, 1994). Memorization involves the acquisition of contextual information that is present in coding, while familiarity merely reflects a past experience. These two recovery processes are differentiated for a number of reasons, including their different sensitivity to experimental actions (see Yonelinas, 2002) and different forgetfulness patterns (Sadeh et al., 2016). The purpose of the current investigation is to determine whether the memory of the episode contributes to a person's knowledge of memory or acquaintance. Importantly, both recovery processes are associated with distinct brain signals. Powerful Related Articles (ERPs) have been widely used to investigate the ability to distinguish between newly learned and unlearned motives. ERP findings provide strong evidence for two memory recognition processes (Rugg and Curran, 2007). Studies that mainly use dictionary motives have identified ERP components of familiarity and memory, middle and left parietal effects old / new, respectively. However, this common model is challenged in two areas from claims that the midfrontal effect actually indicates the onset of the concept (Voss et al., 2010) and that abnormal facial memory brings a preliminary effect (MacKenzie and Donaldson, 2007, MacKenzie and Donaldson, 2009, Galli and -Otten, 2011). Importantly, the current study examines the memory of prominent faces, which has been shown to find the typical left parietal effect (Nie et al., 2014). In this context ERP provides robust methods for measuring the contribution of episode recovery. In addition, high-resolution ERP modifications can help to differentiate what is thought to be happening in a series, such as facial recognition and personal identification.

Two popular facial recognition tests are described below. In each test, a series of faces were shown to participants, who selected each as normal, identified or anonymous. A typical face has been identified but could not be identified, while face recognition requires retrieval of personal information, such as a person's name or occupation. These response options are inspired by Tulving's (1985) process Remember / Know, in which Remember and Know responses provide clues to recall and familiarity, respectively. The Remember / Know process has been used to investigate whether semantic memories have autobiographical content in behavioral studies investigating popular words (Westmacott and Moscovitch, 2003) and popular faces (Damjanovic and Hanley, 2007). Here we use a modified version of the Tulving process, combined with ERP standards for retrieval processing, to identify how process retrieval processes (memory and / or familiarity) support facial recognition. According to the Gobbini and Haxby model (2007), episodic memory supports the identification of a person with an extended system but not facial recognition through the central system. Thus, brain signals associated with episode retrieval processes - memory or familiarity - should be noted only on the identified face and not the face seen without identification. An important question is what two brain signals are connected to the retrieval of the episode to be seen.

Materials and methods

The experimental design and procedures are in line with the themes of the Helsinki Declaration and have been approved by the University of Stirling Psychology Ethics Committee. Twenty-eight right-handed participants reported having a normal or adjusted to normal, and received £ 5 an hour. The sample size was determined by taking into account the standard sample size of the recognition functions using the EEG reported in the literature. Data from 8 participants were discarded due to insufficient number of responses in one or more test cases or EEG contamination by artifact. Data from the remaining 20 participants (13 women) aged 21 (range: 18-31) were used to generate intermediate ERPs reported here.

The face is shown on a 17 ″ LCD monitor; incentives were introduced and behavioral data was recorded via E-Prime (Intelligent Software Tools; www.pstnet.com). Participants sat in a chair about a meter from the monitor, with a box of buttons on their desk in front of them. All faces were celebrities chosen to be seen by a group of graduate students at Stirling University. These celebrities include actors (e.g., Jennifer Aniston, Al Pacino), artists (e.g., Kylie, David Bowie), politicians (e.g., Hillary Clinton, Alex Salmond), television characters (e.g., Oprah, Terry Wogan) and members of the group. The British royal family. The full list of ownership has been selected for the purpose of capturing spectrum from celebrities to lesser-known people. Face images were taken in an online photo search. All the images were cut hair and placed against a black background, before being resized and placed in the center of the display. The face reduced the horizontal visual angle of 2 ° and the vertical visual angle of 5 °.

Gray images of 200 different symbols were introduced as a result of 4 blocks on 50 faces. Each face appeared in the center of the screen for 500 msec and was followed by a blank screen, in which participants made one of three responses: identification, normal, or anonymous. Participants were instructed to make a positive response when they saw the face and could get specific personal information about the person (such as their name, or the name of the actor they played, or the film they were in) which would be enough to see them. Normal response was required if the face was visible but the person was invisible; finally, an anonymous response was needed in cases where the face could not be seen. After the identification response, the visual information asked the participant to identify the person verbally. Any tests in which participants were unable to retrieve any facial-related information were not included in the analysis. The tester presses a button to initiate the next test. In contrast, following a common or unknown response participant button initiated the next experiment.

The EEG was recorded from 62 electrodes embedded in a flexible cap (Neuromedical Supplies: http://www.neuro.com). Electrode positions were based on the extended International 10-20 program (Jasper, 1958). All channels were referred to an electrode placed between CZ and CPZ; two other electrodes are placed in the mastoid process. Muscle function associated with blinking and eye movement was recorded on electrodes placed above and below the left eye and temples. Data were recorded and analyzed using Scan 4.3 software (http://www.neuro.com). Disruption was less than 5 kΩ before the recording started. Data was below the band range filtered between 0.1 and 40 Hz and sampled every 4 msec. The EEG is divided into 1100msec epoches, including a 100 msec pre-stimulus interval. Epoch was temporarily detained at the start of the renewal instead of responding to participants due to the interest in accessing memory presentations instead of decision-making processes or vehicle repairs. The difference in response time in all cases in the memory memory recognition may have been due to decision-making processes than any delay in accessing monemonic information (Dewhurst et al., 2006). Therefore, Stimulus locked ERPs allow for consideration of how motive processing may differ and can be interpreted by considering any variance in response time across all experimental conditions. Flammable materials were removed using a rectification process (Semlitsch et al., 1986), and voltages were adjusted by subtracting the voltage across the pre-renewable zone from each point in this period. Tests are not included in the measurement if the drift exceeds ± 50 µV (measuring the difference between the first and last data points in a period) or when the activity on any EEG channels at any time during the period exceeds ± 100 µV. The data was also redirected to the internet to recreate the central mastoid index. The waves are smoothed over the 5-point kernel. In order to improve the signal-to-audio ratio, a minimum of 16 artifact trials for each condition were set as a condition before each participant data was incorporated into intermediate ERPs.

Medium wavelengths are measured by combining the amplitude in the middle of two consecutive delays: from 300 to 500 msec and 500 to 800 msec. Data were initially analyzed using three ANOVA methods with conditional (normal / pointing / unknown), location (anterior / parietal) and hemisphere (left / right) before systematic comparisons were made between normal / unknown and identifiable / normal separately. . The ANOVA model limits the electrode characteristics to two levels to avoid potential violations of sphericity (see Dien and Santuzzi (2005)). Some of the electrodes used in the analysis were: F3, F4, P3 and P4. Only the main impacts and interactions that include the aspect of the situation are of interest to you in theory and therefore only these statistics will be reported. The main effect of the situation was analyzed by two adjusted Bonferroni comparisons

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Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in India

India is a healthy country with amazing comparisons where both the traditional and modern worlds meet. The seventh largest in the world by area and the second largest in terms of population, India boasts a rich heritage that is the result of centuries of different cultures and religions leaving their mark.

Things to do in India include the opportunity to experience many of the sights and spiritual reunions, while nature lovers will enjoy its sun-drenched beaches, lush country parks and delightful wildlife sanctuaries.

From the magnificent Taj Mahal in Agra to the shrines of the Harmandir Sahib (formerly the Temple of Gold) in Amritsar and the Mecca Masjid mosque in Hyderabad, visitors to this unusual land will discover many spiritual, cultural, and historical treasures .

To help you make the most of your time in this amazing country, check out our list of the most popular tourist attractions in India.

1. Taj Mahal, Agra

Perhaps the most recognizable building in India, the Taj Mahal, is also the world's most famous monument of romantic power. Named after the Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of Emperor Shah Jahan, this magnificent mausoleum was erected at his death in 1631 and occupied 20,000 workers until 1648.

Incorporating many aspects of Islamic design including arches, minarets, onion-shaped dome, and black calligraphy placed near the door, the Taj Mahal is made mostly of white marble. Adding to its splendor are floral patterns adorned with gemstones and gemstones such as jade, lapis lazuli, diamonds, and mother of pearl.

The best time to visit can be in the morning or late at night when the atmosphere is changed dramatically by a change of light. If possible, try to capture a view of the Taj Mahal statue from the far bank of the Yamuna River - make your photo shoot memorable (and safe).

2. The Holy City of Varanasi

Since the 8th century BC, Varanasi is one of the oldest cities still built in the world. A major Hindu pilgrimage, this holy city has long been associated with the mighty Ganges River, one of the most important religious symbols.

Varanasi offers many reasons to visit, at least the opportunity to explore the Old Quarter near the Ganges where you will find the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, built in 1780. The New Temple of Vishwanath with its seven separate temples is also impressive.

Bathing in the Ganges is very important to Hindus, and many places known as "ghat" have stairs leading to the water where the faithful bathe before prayers. Great Dasashvamedh Ghat and Assi Ghat. The latter, at the confluence of the Ganges and the Asian rivers, is generally considered sacred.

Also worth seeing is Banaras Hindu University, founded in 1917 and known for its large library of more than a million books, as well as the magnificent Bharat Kala Bhavan museum with beautiful collections of small paintings, sculptures, palm-leaf manuscripts, and exhibitions of local history.

3. Harmandir Sahib: Amritsar Gold Temple

Founded in 1577 by Ram Das, Amritsar is an important center of Sikh history and culture. The most impressive place here is the Harmandir Sahib, which opened in 1604 and is still commonly called the Temple of Gold because of its beautiful gold ornament.

India's most sacred temple of many Sikhs (it also attracts many Hindus and people of other religions), the temple is built with a combination of Hindu and Islamic styles. Its lower part of the marble has rich features such as elaborate statues of flowers and animals, while the large gold dome represents the lotus flower, a symbol of purity in Sikhism.

In addition to its magnificent design, visitors are equally impressed by the spirit of the temple, a result that is enhanced by ongoing prayers that are sung in the Sikh scriptures and are widely distributed.

Part of the whole experience - and guests are welcome to participate - is the opportunity to enjoy the 50,000 free meals served by guests every day.

Address: Golden Temple Road, Amritsar, Punjab 143006

4. City of Gold: Jaisalmer

Named after the yellow sandstone used in many of its buildings, the Golden City of Jaisalmer is a hotbed of fine old-fashioned architecture from the sand dunes of the Thhar Desert. A city that once had a beautiful army, today is filled with mansions of old houses; beautiful gates; and the great Jaisalmer Fort, also known as the Golden Fort, a formidable 12th-century tower rising above the city.

In addition to its palaces, temples, and magnificent old houses, the castle has 99 towers and huge gates leading to its main courtyard where you will find Maharaja's seven-story Palace. Beginning in the early 1500's and added by successive emperors until the 19th century, the palace offers sections that are open to the public, including beautifully decorated tile floors from Italy and China, as well as intricately carved stone doors.

There are also dozens of 12th- or 16th-century Jain temples, each adorned with elaborate marble statues and sandstone, palm-leaf manuscripts, and a brightly painted roof. Be sure to check out the well-preserved 1,000-year-old library, Gyan Bhandar, with its many 16th-century manuscripts and artifacts.

5. Red Fort, New Delhi

Built by Shah Jahan in 1648 as the seat of Mughal power - a position that lasted until 1857 - the beautiful moon-shaped Red Fort in New Delhi, named after the magnificent red sandstone used in its construction, covers more than two dozen places. square miles, all surrounded by a huge canal.

Highlights include its two main gates: the impressive Lahore Gate (the main entrance to the castle) and the elaborate Delhi Gate, once used by the emperor for the procession.

An exciting part of the tour is the Chatta Chowk, a 17th-century covered market that sells everything from jewelry to silk goods, as well as souvenirs and food items. While you can explore this castle, guided tours are provided and provide an interesting insight into Shah’s life and times, including a glimpse into the spectacular White Marble Community Audience (Diwan-i-Am) where he found his studies. .

Hot Tip: Try to stick to an audio and simple evening program that covers important events in castle history.

6. Mumbai: India Gate

Standing in a spectacular 26-foot-long distance and overlooking the Arabian Sea, the iconic Gateway of India is a must-see for Mumbai view. Designed to commemorate the arrival of King George V and his wife, Queen Mary, in 1911, this magnificent architecture opened with a magnificent ceremony in 1924 and, for a time, was the tallest building in the city.

Built entirely of yellow and concrete basalt and notable for its Indo-Saracenic design, Gateway of India was also the site of an unhappy British army march in 1948 when India gained its independence. These days, the great archway provides a stunning backyard that is as popular with locals as it is for tourists.

Hot Tip: After visiting the Gateway of India, head over to the Taj Mahal Palace and the nearby Tower for a delicious High Tea, an exciting thing to do in Mumbai since this magnificent hotel opened in 1903.

7. Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad

The construction of the Hyderabad Mecca Masjid, one of the largest mosques in the world - and one of the oldest in India - began in 1614 during the reign of Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah and took about 80 years to complete.

Large enough to accommodate 10,000 worshipers, this magnificent 15-acre mosque, each composed of black desert stones, was erected on the site of large cattle trains known to have about 1,400 bulls.

Based on the bricks above the central gate brought here from Mecca, this impressive complex has features such as its huge gate, a large plaza, and a large man-made pool. There is also a living room for the Prophet Muhammad's hair.

Other notable features include texts from the Quran in addition to the many arches and doors, the beautiful roof of the main hall, and the corners around the entire Islamic building. Notice the variety of beautiful flowers and freezers over the arches.

Address: Hyderabad, Telangana 500002

8. Amer Fort, Jaipur

Amer Fort (often spelled “Amber”) was built as a walled palace in 1592 by Maharaja Man Singh I and has long served as the capital of Jaipur. Tucked away in a hilltop, the castle is accessible only on foot by climbing a cliff or riding a motorbike from a town below (preferably, let the elephant do the work).

Outstanding include Jaleb Chowk, the first courtyard, with many ornate elephants, and the Shila Devi Temple, dedicated to the goddess of war. Also noteworthy is the spacious Community Audience Hall (Diwan-i-Am) with its ornate walls and monkeys.

Other highlights include the Sukh Niwas (Recreation Hall) with its many flower beds and a water-cooling station, as well as the Triumphant Temple (Jai Mandir), marked by its many decorative panels, colorful roofs, and magnificent views of the palace and the lake below.

Just above Amer Fort is Jaigarh Fort, built in 1726 by Jai Singh and has towering viewing towers, awesome walls, and the world's largest wheeled cannon. Be sure to also spend time wandering around the old walled City of Jaipur with its three fully restored gates and beautiful markets, as well as the delightful City Palace, a vast complex of courtyards, gardens, and buildings.

9. Goa beaches

Formerly known within India as a "destination" for those looking for a beautiful beach vacation, the beautiful west coast of Goa, overlooking the Arabian Sea, has recently been discovered by tourists from overseas. Goa coast, more than 60 miles away, is home to some of the world's most beautiful beaches, each with its own attractions.

For those who want peace and tranquility, Agonda Beach alone is a good choice, while Calangute Beach is a very commercial and very crowded place. For those looking for luxury resorts, yoga resorts, and spa resorts, the beaches of Mandrem, Morjim, and Ashwem are in vogue among wealthy Indians and Westerners alike. Palolem is one of Goa's most famous beaches.

While in Goa, be sure to visit the Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary. This spectacular attraction is home to dense jungles and an abundance of wildlife, including deer, monkeys, elephants, leopards, tigers and black deer, as well as the famous Indian cobras and some 200 species of birds.

Also worth a visit is Divar Island, which is accessible by boat from Old Goa. Highlights include Piedade, a typical Goan town and home to the Church of Our Lady of Compassion with its stately stucco work, Baroque plaster ornaments, and altars, as well as spectacular views of the surrounding countryside.

10. Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Madurai

One of South India's most popular tourist attractions, Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary focuses on a lake built by British engineers in 1895 for irrigation and water supply in the city of Madurai.

The park was established in 1934, and is home to many mammals, including many Indian elephants roaming, wild boar, otters, lion-tailed macaque, and more than 20 Bengal tigers. Bird watching is a popular and frequently featured activity for species such as darters, storks, kingfisher, hornbill, and rongoet-tailed drongo, as well as many interesting species of butterflies.

The best way to enjoy the beauty of the park's mountain landscape is to take a lake cruise or jungle walk, this allows visitors to meet face-to-face with herds of elephants and to view other wildlife from viewing towers and viewing platforms.

Hot Tip: Be sure to stop at one of the many places nearby for spices, tea, or coffee to visit.

11. Agra Fort

Built as a military base in 1565 by Emperor Akbar and later added by Shah Jahan, the magnificent Agra Fort (also known as Agra's Red Fort) is a delightful blend of both Hindu and Muslim influences.

Located a little over two kilometers from the Taj Mahal, the fort is entered through the Amar Singh Gate with its low outer wall and a dogleg design designed to confuse attackers. Once inside, you will see two huge sandstone buildings connected, the Akbari Mahal and the Jahangiri Mahal, the largest private residence in the area.

Other highlights include the Khas Mahal (Private Palace), with its magnificent bronze roof, and the Anguri Bagh (Grape Garden), a Mughal garden made of jigsaw puzzles with amazing fountains and waterways and screens. the emperor and his team. Also noteworthy is the octagonal tower Musamman Burj, which later served as Shah Jahan's prison until his death.

Address: Rakabganj, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282003

12. Ellora Caves, Aurangabad

The famous Ellora caves were built between the 5th and 10th centuries by Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu monks, and made excellent excursions from Mumbai, some 200 miles [300 km] to the west.

Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this magnificent collection of 34 sculptures, monasteries and temples - 12 of them Buddhist, 17 Hindu, and five Jains - were built next to each other, a religious expression. tolerance that existed during this period of Indian history.

In the caves of the Buddhist palace, the highlights include a number of shrines with statues of Buddha and saints from the 5th to the 7th century, as well as the magnificent Carpenter's Cave, considered one of the most beautiful in India.

Hindu caves are very complex and were carved from top to bottom, so there was no need to make scaffolding. Of these, the most magnificent is the Kailasa Temple, the largest stone-cut temple representing Mount Kailasa and in need of removal of 200,000 tons of stone.

13. Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur

Dominating the ancient city of Jodhpur, the great Mehrangarh Fort, one of the largest forts in India, was built in the 15th century to protect the people of the "Green City". Jodhpur is known by this name, which comes from its indigo-colored houses, painted blue to prevent overheating.

Mehrangarh, built on a very high plateau, is a magnificent building, with its massive walls inaccessible. Access is one of seven beautiful gates, including Jaya Pol and Fateh Pol (these later had gunshot wounds).

Highlights of the tour include exploring the network of the castle courtyards and palaces, as well as a museum with a beautiful collection of artefacts related to the Maharajas. Be sure to spend time in the historical center of Jodhpur itself, famous for its eight city gates, a magnificent old clock tower, and many shops selling everything from vegetables to sweets, spices, and handicrafts.

Address: Fort Road, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342006

14. Ganges River

The river Ganges, or "Ganga" following the Hindu goddess, has long been one of India's most revered natural wonders. It is also one of the main attractions, attracting large numbers of Indians to participate in its religious festivals, as well as tourists to enjoy the splendor of this great river.

Although several towns are located near the river, it is in the city of Varanasi that most tourists will travel to see the Ganges and the cultural attractions that populate its shores. Although small in terms of Indian standards - with a population of about 1.2 million - the city is full of temples and other important religious sites, many of which focus on the worship of (or) the Ganges.

Many "ghats" are set on the river bank, making it easy for worshipers and visitors alike to approach. Made at times by steep stairs leading directly to the water, there are actually 88 of these entrances to the Ganges. Although most are hundreds of years old, it was greatly rebuilt and developed in the 1700s, and with its often bright, colorful events and festivals it is one of the most beautiful photography sites in India.

If you have time, choose one of the Ganges river trips available in the city from any of the ghats. The most memorable is the early morning sunrise. On top of the experience with one purchase of small, floating donations available from the retailer and set it down by the river (the camera is ready, of course).

15. Mysore Palace

The flat city of Mysore is a delight to explore thanks to the eclectic mix of beautiful colonial buildings; Indian palaces; and green, well-maintained gardens. While those who are inclined to buy will enjoy spending time in the city's famous silk and sandalwood markets, the main attraction is the magnificent Mysore Palace.

This magnificent three-story palace was completely rebuilt in 1897 after a devastating fire, with its magnificent features as its magnificent square towers and house; many ceilings and ornate pillars at Durbar Hall; and the splendid Marriage Pavilion, with shiny floor tiles, stunning colored glass, works of art, and jewelry exhibitions. It is also where, on special occasions, the magnificent Gold Throne is displayed.

16. Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya

Bodhgaya, considered a Buddhist shrine in the world, attracts thousands of pilgrims each year, all being attracted to the local monasteries for meditation and prayer.

The focus of this tour is the magnificent Mahabodhi Temple, built near where the Buddha came to Light and practiced his philosophy of life. Built in the 6th century and rebuilt many times since then, the temple is filled with beautiful pyramidal spire and has a large statue of Buddha.

Also of interest is the local pipal tree, a descendant of the first bodhi tree where the Buddha meditates seven days after the Enlightenment, which is said to be among the oldest and most revered trees in the world (you will know that you have found it there. You see a red sandstone marking the place).

Address: Bodhgaya, Bihar 824231

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Famous Historical Place Taj Mahal, Agra

Discover Red Fort in Delhi which is one of the most popular destinations in India. Meet the manager of the Indian Museum. Considering the top 10 historical sites in India, the Taj Mahal will always be listed at the top of the list. Check out the full picture of love, the Taj Mahal, whose beauty remains unparalleled in history and today this is one of the weekend escape routes from Delhi. This magnificent white marble building was approved in 1632 by Shah Jahan for his late wife Mumtaz Mahal. It took almost 22 years to complete this magnificent building which is considered one of the most famous historical sites in India.

According to local legend, it is believed that Shah Jahan cut off the hands of all the workers who built the Taj Mahal so as not to create the same monument.

Interesting fact: The Taj Mahal-inspired shopping mall and hotel was built in Dubai and is estimated to be four times as big.

Entry fee: Indians- INR 40

Immigrants - INR 1000

No children under 15 can enter

Opening from: 30 Minutes before sunrise and closes 30 Minutes before sunset

What you should see: The Taj Mahal Night Show

Created by: Shah Jahan

Built-In: 1648

Taj Mahal, also known as Tadj Mahall, is a mausoleum complex in Agra, west of the Uttar Pradesh region, in northern India. The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (1628-58) so that his wife, Mumtaz Mahal ("The Chosen One of the Palace"), who died in childbirth in 1631, was a friend of the emperor who had been separated since their marriage. 1612. India's most famous building is located in the eastern part of the city on the south bank (right) of the Yamuna River (Jumna). Agra Fort (Red Fort), also located on the bank on the right bank of Yamuna, is about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the Taj Mahal.

With its harmonious proportions and its fluid-filled liquid, the Taj Mahal is classified as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (equally located on both sides of the mausoleum), beautiful gardens, and a museum. One of the most beautiful architectural songs in the world, the Taj Mahal is also one of the most beautiful monuments in the world, visited by millions of visitors each year. The building was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

Construction history

The architectural plans are attributed to various architects of the day, although the chief architect was probably Ustad Aḥmad Lahawrī, an Indian of Persian descent. The five main sections of the building — the main gate, the garden, the mosque, the jawāb (literally the “answer”; the mosque exhibition building), and the mausoleum (including its four mountains) — were named and designed as a united doctrinal organization. of the Mughal construction process, which did not allow for the addition or subsequent modification. Construction began about 1632. More than 20,000 workers from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe were hired to complete the mausoleum itself in about 1638-39; the associated buildings were completed in 1643, and decorative work continued until at least 1647. In all, the construction of the 17-hectare building took 22 years.

Tradition has it that Shah Jahān originally intended to build another mausoleum across the river to preserve his remains. The building was to be constructed of black marble, and the bridge was to be connected to the Taj Mahal. He was ousted in 1658 by his son Aurangzeb, however, and was imprisoned for life in Agra Fort.

Building and buildings

Resting in a wide area of ​​23 feet (7 m) in height, the mausoleum should be made of white marble that reflects colors according to the intensity of sunlight or moonlight. It has four almost identical facades, each with a wide central ridge that rises 108 feet (33 meters) high and chamfered (slanted) corners that form small arches. The stunning central dome, reaching a height of 240 feet (73 m) at its end, is surrounded by four smaller dome. The acoustics inside the main dome cause one note of the flute to be heard five times. The interior of the mausoleum is set around an octagonal marble room adorned with low carvings and gemstones (pietra dura). Here are the cenotaphs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahān. Those false graves are enclosed by a fine filigree marble screen. Beneath the cemetery, at the garden level, lies the true sarcophagus. Standing gracefully outside the central building, in the four corners of the square wall, there are beautiful minarets.

Current issues

For centuries the Taj Mahal has been subject to neglect and decay. A major restoration took place in the early 20th century under the direction of Lord Curzon, then British vice president of India. More recently, air pollution caused by industrial emissions and other nearby industries as well as automotive emissions have damaged the mausoleum, especially the marble front. Several steps have been taken to reduce the threat of the monument, including the closure of some foundations and the installation of pollution control equipment in others, the construction of a park park around the building, and the closure of nearby vehicles. traffic. The Taj Mahal Restoration and Research Program was launched in 1998. However, progress has been made in improving the natural environment around the monument.

Occasionally the Taj Mahal has been subject to Indian political instability. Night vision was banned there between 1984 and 2004 for fear that the monument would be the target of Sikh troops. Moreover, it has been recognized as a symbol of Indian culture. Some groups of Hindu tribes have tried to reduce the importance of the Muslim influence in calculating the origin and design of the Taj Mahal.

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Gopal Hari Deshmukh - Lokhitwadi - Social Reformer

Gopal Hari Deshmukh was a 19th-century Maharashtra social activist, activist, and thinker. He was a writer and inspired by his writings. He is widely known as an important figure in the Social Reform Movement in Maharashtra. He advocated for the liberation and education of women, and wrote about non-compliance with child marriage, dosage and polygamy. All these social evils existed in the community during the 19th century between 18 February 1823 and 9 October 1892.

Gopal Hari Deshmukh was born in Pune on February 18, 1823. He belonged to a family of tax collectors named Shidaye, and was later named Deshmukh. He was born in the upper class and was rich in the Chitpavan Brahmin family. His father was the treasurer of Bapu Gokhale, the general manager of Maratha. Gopal learned English in Pune, then known as Poona. He began his professional career in public service as a translator in Britain raj. He was later appointed junior judge in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in 1867. He also served as Divan of the Ratlam dynasty. He has retired as a temporary judge and has held many senior positions in the judiciary in government.

He started writing essays at the age of 25, and most of them are aimed at social change. He did not follow the traditions of blindness, but opposed social evils such as child marriage, untouchables, lobola and so on. She represented women's education and empowerment as well. He wrote against the evils of sectarianism and criticized the dangerous Hindu religious teachings. He also attacked Brahmin priests who performed rituals. Deshmukh founded a library in Pune, and also played a key role in launching Marathi magazines such as Gyan Prakash, Indu Prakash and Lokhitwadi. He wrote 35 books on a variety of topics.

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GOPAL KRISHNA GOKHALE (1866-1915)

Born in Kothluk, Maharashtra village, on May 9, 1866, Gopal Krishna Gokhale was raised in the home of his paternal grandfather. With the support of his older brother and daughter-in-law, Gokhale managed his education at Rajaram High School in Kothapur.

Because of his respect for his brother and his sense of empathy, Gokhale learned the value of self-sacrifice in order to avoid asking for material support. Sometimes he did not eat and read about street lighting to save his older brother as much money as possible. A hard-working student who went on to graduate from Elphinstone College, Bombay in 1884 at the age of 18, received a scholarship of Rs. 20 per month in his final year. His education affected Gokhale's life in many ways. Basically, his understanding of the English language allowed him to express himself without much doubt and clarity. Also, his appreciation and knowledge of history instilled in him respect for freedom, democracy, and the parliamentary system.

After graduating, he went on to teach, taking up the position of Assistant Master at New English School in Pune. Among the many achievements attesting to his talent and passion for teaching, perhaps the biggest was the compilation, a mathematical textbook in collaboration with his colleague, N. J. Bapat, became the most widely used and widely translated book in the world. Gokhale went on to become the first member of Fergusson College in Pune in 1885, with his highly regarded Deccan Education Society colleagues. He promised 20 years of his life at the college, as a teacher and board member. He was so good at teaching subjects of any variety, that he was known as "Professor to Order."

In 1886 he witnessed the entry of Gopal Krishna Gokhale into public life. At only 20 years old, he gave his public speech on "India under the British Rule" and was applauded for his expression and control of the English language. Gokhale soon moved on to public affairs. While donating articles to the English weekly Mahratta, he was seduced by the idea of ​​using education as a way to arouse nationalism in the people of India. At the time, Gokhale was promoted to secretary of the Deccan Education Society. Once in the light, there was no looking back. After being appointed to preside over the Bombay State Conference in 1893, he was elected to the Senate of the University of Bombay. In time, Gokhale came to devote all his time to the things that make up the common man: hunger, ways to fight the plagues, local government autonomy, land restitution and social cohesion. As a member of Pune Municipality, electing his president twice, Gokhale made the mistake of trying to solve the problems of the poor, and those who came to him with complaints about water supply, plumbing, etc. he faced a dilemma. Gokhale also published a daily newspaper entitled Jnanaprakash, which allowed him to express his views on political and social change.

In 1905, he founded the Servants of India Society, which trained people to be unselfish workers so that they could work for the common good. The desire to make a difference was so strong that the spirits of relatives promised a simple life of devotion to these causes. Among the many things the organization has done, there have been excellent services to help those affected by floods and famine, and to give themselves time to educate women in the community, so that they too can have a say. Many people influenced Gokhale and gave him the strength and discipline to bring his ideas to the forefront, but none other than Mahadev Govind Ranade, who was educated in 1887. Ranade trained him for 15 years in all aspects of public life, and taught him integrity, dedication to community service, and tolerance. These qualities, which Ranade helped incorporate into Gokhale, are those qualities that helped make Gokhale the man he is today.

Gokhale's visit to England expressed his concern over the mistreatment of Indians by the British government. In one 49-day period, he spoke in front of 47 different audiences, drawing in all of us. Before long, he was hailed as the most effective lawyer in the case of India. While Gokhale called for a gradual change in order to finally have the Safaj, or autonomy, of India, some of his contemporaries, who had the upper hand, wished to use force as a means of persuasion. Gokhale has maintained his balanced political views and made some changes for the betterment of India. He was instrumental in the formation of the 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms, which eventually became law. Unfortunately, the Reform Act became law in 1909 and it was disappointing to see that the people could not be given a fair democratic system despite Gokhale's efforts. The social cohesion he had been longing for was shattered when he realized that the Muslim community was focused on seeing itself as a separate unit. On the bright side, however, Gokhale's efforts were clearly not in vain. The Indians were now in a position to reach the highest levels of government, and their voices were heard on social issues.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale's years of hard work and dedication have done a lot for India, but sadly it has also damaged the life of this great leader. Excessive exertion and the accompanying fatigue only aggravated diabetes and asthma. The end came peacefully, however, on February 19, 1915. Pointing his finger to the sky and clasping his hands respectfully, Gopal Krishna Gokhale made his final statement to the audience, a farewell farewell.

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Durgabai Deshmukh

Work

A social activist for the liberation of women, she founded the Andhra Mahila Sabha (Andhra Women "Conference) in 1937. From an early age Durgabai was associated with Indian politics. .

His job was to make sure that guests were not allowed without tickets.

He faithfully fulfilled the task assigned to them until he forbade Jawaharlal Nehru to enter. When the organizers of the show saw what he was doing and got angry with him, he replied that he was just following instructions.

He only allowed Nehru after the organizers bought him a ticket. Nehru commended the girl for her courageous spirit.

This led to three years in prison by British authorities Raj.

Durgabai was president of the Blind Relief Association. In that capacity, he established a school hostel and a simple engineering workshop for the blind. He has been instrumental in making many social laws.

In that role, he supported the support of the national social welfare policy.

The policy led to the establishment of the Central Social Welfare Board in 1953. As the first chair of the Board, she mobilized a number of voluntary organizations to implement its programs, which focused on education, training, and the rehabilitation of needy women. , children, and the disabled.

She was the first chair of the National Council for Women's Education, founded by the Government of India in 1958. In memory of Andhra University's heritage, Visakhapatnam named its Department of Women's Studies the Doctor Durgabai Deshmukh Center for Women's Studies.

Born in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, Britain, India, Durgabai had been married for eight years to a man who later left her to pursue her education.

According to him, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the three witnesses. C. Medical. Deshmukh had a daughter in a previous marriage but the couple remained childless. Durgabai Deshmukh wrote a book called The Stone That Speeth.

Chintaman and I published his autobiography one year before his death in 1981.

Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1938. Social Development Council

Durgabai Deshmukh Hospital in 1962.

Sri Venkateswara College, New Delhi

Andhra Education Society (Advanced Encryption Standard) was founded in 1948 by Doctor Durgabai Deshmukh to help the educational needs of Telugu Children living in Delhi.

Achievements

Paul G Hoffman Nehru Literacy Award United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Award (Outstanding Work in the Literacy Sector) is the Padma Vibhushan Award from the Indian government.

Membership

He was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India and the Planning Commission of India. Durgabai was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India. He was a member of the Planning Commission.

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Mitra, Rai Bahadur Dinabandhu

Mitra, Rai Bahadur Dinabandhu (1830-1873) a drama actor, was born in 1830 in Chouberia in Nadia, and was the son of Kalachand Mitra. His family name was Gandharva Narayan, but he changed it to Dinabandhu Mitra.

Dinabandhu Mitra's education began in the village pathshala. His father arranged for him to work in the mainland (1840). But he was too young to manage a job at a local restaurant, but he was too old to run away from home. He fled to Kolkata, where he started working at the house of his uncle, Nilmani Mitra. About 1846, he was admitted to a free school run by james long. Dinabandhu proved to be an outstanding student and won a scholarship. In 1850, he enrolled in a Hindu college and was awarded a scholarship for academic excellence. However, he did not appear in his final examination, and, instead, began working as a postmaster at Patna (1855). He has held various positions at the Post Office in Nadia, Dhaka and Orissa.

Mitra Rai Bahadur Dinabandhu

In 1870, he was made superintendent of Calcutta. In 1872, he joined the Indian Railway as an explorer.

Dinabandhu started writing in college. Inspired by ishwar chandra gupta, she began writing poems that were published in various journals. His poems attracted the attention of intellectuals, but his favorite genre was drama. His work in the post office brought him to various parts of the country where he met people from all walks of life. This experience was used in his games. Among his poetic books are Suradhuni Kavya (first part 1877, second part 1876), Dvadash Kavita (1872). His plays include Nildurpun (1860), Nabin Tapasvini (1863), Biye Pagla Budo (1866), Sadhabar Ekadashi (1866), Lilavati (1867), Jamai Barik (1872), Kamale Kamini (1873), and Jamalaye Jibanta Manus. He also wrote a novel entitled Poda Mahehshvar.

Dinabandhu, however, is best known for his Nildurpun game, which exposed the pressures of indigo farmers at the hands of indigo growers. Michael Madhusudan dutt translated the play into English and Pastor James published it for a long time, which is a 'case' when Long was fined. While playing the game, iswar chandra vidyasagar was emotionally disturbed by her impersonation. Bankimchandra chattopadhyay compared Nildurpun with Uncle Tom's Cabin for its role in raising public awareness of the evils of indigo landscapes. Dinabandhu was awarded by the British government the title 'Rai Bahadur' for the services rendered in the battle of Lushai. She died on November 1, 1873. [Badiuzzaman]

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about Dr Zakir Hussain 1897-1969

(8 February 1897 - 3 May 1969) (Urdu: زاکِر حسین), was the third President of India from May 13, 1967 until his death on May 3, 1969. He was the first Muslim President of India.

He was awarded the highest honor in India, Barat Ratna, in 1963.

PREVIOUS LIFE AND BACKGROUND

Hussain was born in Etawah, India. Zakhir Hussain was a Nationalist Pastor. His family moved to Hyderabad from Kaimganj, Farrukhabad district in Uttar Pradesh. He attended Islamia High School, Etawah and Anglo-Muhammadan Oriental College (now Aligarh Muslim University, where he was a prominent student leader). He was known, even in those days, for his love of knowledge, his ingenuity, his eloquence, and his willingness to help others. His father, Fida Hussain Khan, went to Hyderabad, studied law and had a very successful career. Unfortunately, he died when Zakir Hussain was only ten years old.

WORK

Hussain, then only 23 years old, was part of a small group of students and teachers who founded the National Muslim University, which was first established in Aligardh on Friday 29 October 1920 and relocated to Karl Bagh, New Delhi in 1925, and relocated on March 1, 1935 to Jamia Nagar. , in New Delhi and renamed it Jamia Millia Islamia (central university). He then went to Germany to earn a PhD from the University of Berlin in Economics. While in Germany, Hussain was instrumental in producing an anthology apparently the greatest Urdu poet Mirza Assadullah Khan's "Ghalib" (1797-1868).

He returned to India to take control of Jamia Millia Islamia which was facing closure in 1927. He held that position for the next 21 years, providing leadership and academic leadership in an institution that was deeply involved in India's struggle for freedom from British law. and I tried with basic numerical education in the lines promoted by Mahatma Gandhi. During this time he continued to be involved in educational reform organizations in India and was very active in the affairs of his old alma mater MAO College, now Aligarh Muslim University. During this time Hussain emerged as one of the leading researchers and educators of modern India. His self-sacrifice and hard work to keep Jamia working in the worst possible conditions earned him the admiration of even his biggest political rivals such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

As soon as India gained independence, Hussain agreed to become the Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University which was experiencing difficult times in dividing India due to the active involvement of half of its teachers and students in the struggle to create Pakistan, where Hussain Relatives brother Dr. Mahmood Hussain and nephew General Rahimuddin Khan will move and gain fame. Dr. Hussain, too, provided leadership during the critical phase of the University's history in Aligarh from 1948-1956. Shortly after completing his term as Vice Chancellor he was elected a member of the Upper House of Indian Parliament in 1956, a position he left in 1957 to become Governor of Bihar State.

After serving as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962, and as the Second Vice President of India from 1962 to 1967, Hussain was elected President of India on 13 May 1967. In his first speech he said that the whole of India is his home and all its people have become his family.

Hussain died on May 3, 1969, the first President of India died in office. He was buried at the Jamia Millia Islamia Center (or Central University) in New Delhi.

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about Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 1891-1956

Drs. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956 C.E.) popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian lawyer, politician and scholar. As India's first independent Legal Minister, he was the key architect of the Indian Constitution.

He was born on April 14, 1891 to a poor Mahar family. Bhimrao Ambedkar belonged to the lower classes. He converted to Buddhism and encouraged many other lowly people to become Buddhists. Brings a reservation law to India for low-income communities. He died on December 6, 1956, at his home in Delhi.

Dr. Bhimrao, Ramji Ambedkar, also known as Basahebheb Ambedkar today. Drs. A multi-faceted speaker, social change, a hero of the untouchables and their purpose and supreme law, Babasaheb Ambedkar fought for his life for equality and justice.

Dr. B R Ambedkar is famous for his two works - his struggle for the upliftment of the lower class in India and the important contribution to the drafting of the country's constitution. Bababasaheb Ambedkar, a native of the Mahar sect, the impoverished community of Maharastra, has left nothing to lift up the unaffected and oppressed people of India. His struggle to elevate the status quo eventually led him to embrace Buddhism.

Many paper forests have been used to try to figure out why Basahebheb Ambedkar has converted to Buddhism and not to Islam or Christianity. Initially, he tried to open up access to public places and non-communicable services in the Hindu community. It was 1929, when Ambedkar first indicated his departure from the Hindus and converted to another religion.

On October 13, 1935, Ambedkar announced to the Depressed Classes conference that conditions were beyond his control and he would certainly not die as a Hindu. Notably, Dr. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in 1956. It means that it was a long drawn-out process extended over two decades to decide which religion to accept.

Dr. Ambedkar has many options such as Islam, Christianity and Sikhism, but the great social rebel chose Buddhism. He showed his first interest in Buddhism in 1930 when he named his new home Rajgriha. He studied Buddhism at Fergusson College. He could have converted to Islam or Christianity, but he knew that in order to conquer Brahamanism, he needed the help of both religions. He understood that if he accepted Islam, Christian would not oppose him and if he accepted Christianity, Muslims would oppose him. So he chose another path.

In addition, unnecessary violence at the national level and the racism that existed in Islam and the conflicts that ensued in Christianity stopped Dr. Ambedkar from hiding in any of these religions. Dr. Ambedkar not only sought the economic, social and political progress of the lower classes but also the complete development of their heart, mind and soul. The sole purpose of this reform was to break the caste barrier in the Hindu herd and to unite the disgruntled sect under one religion to make them stronger.

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know about Bhagat Singh 1907-1931

About Shaheed Bhagat Singh

 27 September 1907 - 23 March 1931) [2] was an Indian nationalist who was considered one of the most influential rebels in the Indian liberation movement. He is often referred to as Shaheed Bhagat Singh, the word "Shaheed" meaning "martyr" in many Indian languages. [4] [5] [6] He was born into a Sandhu Jat Sikh family who had been actively involved in the struggle against the British Raj, while young Singam studied the European revolutionary movement and was attracted to the anarchist and marxist ideologies. He became involved in many revolutionary movements, rose through the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to become one of its leaders, and eventually changed his name to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928. [7] [8] [9] Seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai at the hands of police, Singh was involved in the assassination of British police officer John Saunders. He fled police efforts to apprehend him. In collaboration with Batukeshwar Dutt, he made a successful effort to throw two bombs and booklets inside the Central Legislative Assembly while shouting the slogans of Inquilab Zindabad. After that they surrendered and surrendered. As a result of this case, he received widespread support throughout the country during a 116-day fast in prison, demanding equal rights for British and Indian political prisoners. [10] During this time, sufficient evidence was presented in connection with the Saunders' conviction, following a special hearing by the Special Tribunal and an appeal to the English Legislature. He was convicted and subsequently hanged for his involvement in the murder, at the age of 23. His legacy inspired the Indian youth to start fighting for Indian freedom and he continues to be the idol of youth in modern India, as well as promoting many films. He is remembered for a large bronze statue in the Indian Parliament, along with other monuments. The house where Shaheed Bhagat Singh was born Kishan Singh and Vidyavati is in present-day Pakistan known as Chak No. 105, GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in Lyallpur district of Punjab province in British India. [3] [11] He belonged to the Sikh family who loved their country, some of them in the Indian Independence movement, and others who had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army. [12] His ancestors hailed from the Khatkar Kalan village near the town of Banga in the Nawanshahr region (now called Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar) of Punjab. [13] [14] The family was originally from the village of Narli in the Lahore region of the Tarn Taran region of India. There is an exciting account of how one of the ancestors moved to Khatkar Kalan given in the history of Singh's uncle and the famous freedom fighter, Ajit Singh in his autobiography Buried Alive. [15] Singh's name "Bhagat" means 'devoteer' and was named "Bhaganwala" ('lucky') by his grandmother, since the news of his uncle Ajit Singh's release from Mandalay prison and his father's Lahore prison both coincided with his birth. [13] [16] His grandfather, Arjun Singh, was a follower of the Swami Islamic movement Dayananda Saraswati, Arya Samaj, [17] who was a major influence on young Bhagat. [18] His father, and his uncle Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, were members of the Ghadar Party, led by Kartar Singh Sarabha and Har Dayal. [19] Ajit Singh was forced to flee to Persia because of pending court cases, and Swaran Singh died at home in 1910 after being released from Borstal Jail in Lahore. [19] Unlike many Sikhs of his age, Singh did not attend Khalsa High School in Lahore, because his grandfather did not acknowledge the loyalty of school officials to the British authorities. [20] Instead, his grandfather enrolled him in Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School, in the Arya Samaji center. [21] [22] Singh was influenced by a number of events during his childhood that instilled in him a deep sense of patriotism that would eventually lead to India's liberation struggle. [23] In 1919, at the age of 12, Bhagat Singh visited the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, where non-violent protesters gathered at a public rally and were shot without warning, killing hundreds and injuring thousands. Bhagat Singh played a major role in Mahatma Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 and publicly exposed the British in pursuit of Gandhi's desire to burn his government documents and any British clothing he could find. [24] At the age of 14, he was welcomed into his hometown by protesters against the Gurudwara Nankana Sahib bombing on February 20, 1921, which killed dozens of unarmed protesters. [3] [25] Disappointed by Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence, after Gandhi set up a non-partisan organization, following a police brutality in rural areas, which led to the killing of Curi Chaura in the United States in 1922. , joined the Young Revolutionary Movement. From now on, he began to promote the violent overthrow of the British people in India.

An unusual historical image of students and staff of the National College, Lahore, started by Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh appears to be fourth from the right. In 1923, Singh joined the National College in Lahore, where he not only studied but also expanded academic activities. [3] He was a community participant in college drama. [3] During this time, he spoke Hindi, English, Urdu, Punjabi, and Sanskrit. [3] [26] [27] In 1923, Singh won an essay competition founded by Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. In his presentation of Punjab's Language and Script, he quoted from Punjabi literature and showed a deep understanding of the problems of Punjab abuse. [3] He joined the Indian nationalist youth organization Naujawan Bharat Sabha (Hindi: "Indian Youth Association") and other activists, and became famous in the organization. [7] He also joined the Hindustan Republican Association, [25] which had prominent leaders, such as Ram Prasad Bismil, Chandrashekhar Azad and Ashfaqulla Khan. The name of the organization was changed to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association with Singh's emphasis. [8] A year later, to avoid getting married by his family, Singh fled his home to Cawnpore. [3] In a letter he left behind, he said: "My life is reserved for the best possible delivery, of national liberation. Therefore, no rest or worldly desire can entice me now ..." [3]

It is also believed that he went to Cawnpore to try to free prisoners who had robbed the train in prison, but he returned to Lahore for unknown reasons. [28] On the day of Dussehra in October 1926, a bomb exploded in Lahore. [3] Singh was arrested on suspicion of involvement in the Dussehra bombing of May 29, 1927, but was released on suspicion of misconduct by paying a fine of Rs. 60,000, [3] approximately five weeks after his arrest. [30] He wrote and edited Urdu and Punjabi newspapers, published in Amritsar. [31] In September 1928, the Kirti Kisan Party ("Workers and Peasants Party") organized a meeting in India for all rebels in Delhi with Singh as its secretary. [3] He later rose to become the leader of this movement. [3] [edit] Recent transformation activities

Lala Lajpat Rai's death and Saunders' assassination The British government has set up a commission under Sir John Simon to report on the political situation in India at that time in 1928. [32] Indian political parties boycotted the Commission, because it did not include any Indian in its membership, and the Commission met with national protests. [32] During a visit to Lahore on October 30, 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a non-violent protest that represented the commission in a silent march, but police responded with violence. [32] The police chief, James A. Scott, ordered the police to charge the protesters and assaulted Rai, who was critically injured, [32]. [32] However, when the issue was raised in the British Parliament, the British Government denied any role in Rai's death. [33] Although some sources claim that Singh witnessed the event, [34] while others objected, [30] vowed to retaliate, [33] and joined other revolutionaries, Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev Thapar, Jai Gopal and Chandrashekhar Azad, in a plot to assassinate Scott. [34] Jai Gopal should have pointed out the king and indicated that Singh would shoot. However, in a state of uncertainty, Gopal identified Singh with the appearance of John P. Saunders, Assistant Superintendent of Police. [35] [36] He was shot by Rajguru and Singh as he left the regional police headquarters in Lahore at 4.15pm on December 17, 1928. [35] [36] Chief Constable Chanan Singh was also killed while assisting Saunders

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Atal Bihari Vajpayee

 A man of many people, strong in his political beliefs. On October 13, 1999, he took over as Prime Minister of India for the second time in a row under a new coalition government, the National Democratic Alliance. He was Prime Minister for a short time in 1996. He is the first Prime Minister since Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of India for two consecutive terms.

A former parliamentary veteran with more than 40 years, Shri Vajpayee was elected to Lok Sabha (House of the People) nine times and to Rajya Sabha (House of the States) twice, which is a record.

As the Prime Minister of India, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Chairperson of the various Key Committees of Parliament and the Leader of the Opposition, has been instrumental in formulating India's domestic and foreign policy.

Shri Vajpayee's first brushing on national politics was in his student days, when he joined the 1942 Quit India Movement that hastened the end of British colonial rule. A student of political science and law, it is in college that he first became interested in foreign affairs - an interest that he has grown over the years and used it wisely while representing India in various forums and abroad.

Shri Vajpayee had started a journalist career, which was terminated in 1951 when he joined Barrat Jana Sangh, the main striker of the modern Baratiya Janata Party, a leading part of the National Democratic Alliance. Respected poet, he is still taking a break from the world's news of indulging in music and a little cooking.

Shri Vajpayee who was born into the family of a humble school teacher on December 25 1924, in the province of Gwalior (now part of India's Madhya Pradesh state), the rise of public life is a gift to both his political and Indian political genius. Decades ago, he emerged as a leader who refused to respect his vision of freedom and commitment to democratic goals.

A prolific hero of women's empowerment and social equality, Shri Vajpayee believes in a prosperous, prosperous India, a strong and prosperous nation that is confident of its rightful place in the racism of the nations. He represents India that is embedded in the 5000 years of civilization history, remains modern, constantly renewed, re-empowers itself to meet the challenges of the next 1000 years.

India’s second highest public honor, Padma Vibhushan, was given to him in recognition of his unselfish dedication to his first and only love, India, and his service to the community and the nation. In 1994, he was elected a member of the 'India's Leading Parliament.' .Atalji expresses the aspirations of many people .. his works reflect the full commitment to nationalism.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Bihari also wrote Behari, (born December 25, 1924, in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India - died August 16, 2018, New Delhi, Delhi), leader of pro-Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the prime minister of India (1996; 1998–2004).

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the leader of the pro-Hindu Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and served twice as Prime Minister of India (1996 and 1998-2004). Under his leadership India achieved steady economic growth, and the country became a world leader in information technology.

Although Atal Bihari Vajpayee was previously praised for his efforts to reconcile a few Indian Muslims, in 2002 his government was criticized for his slow response to the Gujarat riots in which nearly a thousand people (mostly Muslims) died. In 2003, Vajpayee made an effort to resolve the Indian-Pakistani dispute with the Kashmir region.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest medal, in December 2014.

Vajpayee was first elected to parliament in 1957 as a member of the Baratiya Jana Sangh (BJS), the predecessor of the BJP. In 1977 the BJS joined three other parties to form the Janata Party, which led the government which lasted until July 1979. As foreign minister in Janata's government, Vajpayee made a name for himself by improving relations with Pakistan and China. In 1980, after the breakup of the Janata Party, Vajpayee helped the BJS reorganize itself as a BJP. In 1992 he was one of the few Hindu leaders who spoke out against the destruction of the Islamic church of Ayodhya by anti-Muslim extremists.

Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996 but was only in office for 13 days, after failing to attract support from other parties. In early 1998 he again became prime minister, in an election in which the BJP won a majority of seats, but was forced to form a coalition with regional parties. In 1999 the BJP expanded its seats in parliament and strengthened its hold on government.

Although regarded as a pragmatist, Vajpayee took a contemptuous stance when confronted with Western criticism of India's 1998 nuclear weapons test. Earlier he was praised for his acts of reconciliation with a few Muslim Muslims in India. In 2000 his government embarked on a comprehensive program to separate public funds from a few key state-owned enterprises. In 2002 Vajpayee's government was criticized for his slow response to the Gujarat riots in which nearly a thousand people (mostly Muslims) died. However, in 2003 Vajpayee made a concerted effort to resolve a long-running dispute between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Under his leadership, India achieved steady economic growth, and the country became a world leader in information technology, even though things that were poor in Indian society often felt left out of the economy. In 2004 his coalition lost the by-elections and resigned.

Vajpayee announced his political retirement in late 2005. In late December 2014 he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, the highest honor in India.

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Sachin Tendulkar

 You heard the announcement. You may not have heard of this game, but you have heard it sung. This song - billions of people have ever lived with it; one that would come from Wankhede and echo across the city and the seas. It is a name that continues to inspire many, not only in India, but also around the world, to take up the sport. Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar was that cricketer who had a personality and aura that encouraged any cricket tournament; however he ended up saying he was no bigger than the game. To the people of India, a 5'5 ”giant man was much more than that. He was emotional; a symbol of hope for a nation that revered him as a lesser God.

Ironically, among the highest honors and despite the foundation he was laid on, his humility and ability to excel all made him able to play very well internationally for more than two decades. After playing for generations, Tendulkar started playing Test cricket with a white shirt that could be easily used as a school uniform, and he got his final Tests with a Niche jersey that was impossible to buy over the counter, and would later be auctioned off for millions.

In short

Amid all the ongoing praise he has received in a highly changed era of cricket, commerce and so on, and in a sea of ​​statistics all of Tendulkar’s fascinating conversations, it is sometimes easy to forget that he was probably the most perfect batsman of his generation - combining natural talent and hard work and dedication; who saw the importance of shaping and polishing diamonds. This unusual combination of dedication and skill made him stand out from the crowd, making him the legend of Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar.

Tendulkar has been one of the main causes of the explosion of popular cricket in India which has led the Indian board to become the most powerful cricketer in the world. In a country already inclined to cricket, Tendulkar has given people a hero to look up to regardless of age, color, religion or denomination - as well as cricket from sport to religion on the continent.

Conference of all things cricket

In a game full of statistics, he owns almost all of the best record records he has, including those many runs in Test and ODI cricket, the biggest of these two genres, and the highest number of centuries in international cricket - presumably 100. Though hard work starts out. In his ODI, Tendulkar discovered that his career was at an all-time high when he was sent to play New Zealand in 1994 and hit a 49-ball 82, making the opening of his own. He went on to collect 49 Hundreds of ODIs at the end of his career - surpassing the second most leading nineteenth.

World Cup veteran

In addition, the work won a World Cup appearance, from 1992 to 2011, where he appeared twice in the finals (2003 and 2011), finally receiving the coveted trophy on that fateful night in Mumbai on April 2 I -2011, finds the right swan song in front of a crowd of people in Mumbai.

“You have borne the burden of the nation for 21 years; It's time to dump her and move on. "

- Virat Kohli's words after his idol Sachin Tendulkar finally got his hands on the World Cup.

Despite all the talk about Tendulkar's failure under pressure, his performance at major events was hard to ignore. In his last two World Cup matches, Tendulkar excelled at cheating with 4 (2003 final vs. Australia) and 18 (2011 final vs. Sri Lanka). However, his overall performance and contributions to the aforementioned tournament have played a major role in making India reach the finish line first. In the 2003 edition of the tournament, Tendulkar scored an astonishing 673 runs in the tournament, surpassing his record of 523 runs in the 1996 World Cup - a record that still stands. In addition, in the campaign to win the Indian World Cup in 2011, he also became India's top scorer and second overall, with 482 runs in the tournament with an average of 53.55, and two hundred in the league stages (against England and South Africa) and 2 most important fifty in knockouts (against Australia and Pakistan).

Without a doubt, Tendulkar's fine memory of the World Cup lasts a time when he finally received the medal he had been waiting for for the best part of twenty years and less, and, of course, the moment he won the World Cup.

Implementation

There are so many stories about how Tendulkar was introduced to cricket, we may not know the full truth. According to legend, his younger brother, Ajit, Sachin \ "who lived with him in a dream", took him to Sharadashram School in Mumbai and introduced him to Ramakant Acharekar, his first coach, at the age of eleven with the intention of focusing on him energy in something productive.

Since then, Tendulkar's life has been food, sleep, cricket.

He changed schools, trained hard, played many match trucks, and soon, the name Sachin Tendulkar became popular on the other side of Mumbai. There were whispers, whenever he was said to be playing a school game, as crowds gathered to watch him beat. From a young age, he will fulfill his expectations, as he is best known for earning 326 * in a record-breaking 664 record with Vinod Kambli - the highest co-operation of any type of competitive cricket at the time.

It was only a matter of time before he became part of the Mumbai team and made his home appearance. However, he was certainly too young to face the top throwers, and this raised a lot of eyebrows. However, when Dilip Vengsarkar, the Indian captain at the time, watched him fight Kapil Dev on the net, the case of a child prosecuted was quickly escalated. He first appeared at home at the age of 14, and struck for centuries in the Ranji and Duleep trophy debut. He continued to accumulate in the runs, and the Indian call showed up, a few years later.

Young people on the battlefield

After playing several times at home level, it was a popular opinion that Tendulkar was ready, at the age of 16, to play international cricket. He was taken to a Test team to visit Pakistan in November 1989, and was told to face some of the fastest bowlers in his backyard.

Ram Singh Dungarpur is said to have chosen Tendulkar on the trip, while Sachin first appeared in Karachi, aged 16 and 205 days. He was fired by his first partner Waqar Younis for 15 years, and with his confession, he thought he was not ready for the full international standard at the time. However, in the final test in Sialkot, Tendulkar was hit in the nose by a Waqar Younis guard.

It has now become a myth to cricketers around the world, that he turned down medical treatment, watched him, wiped the blood off, and continued to beat. He went on to combine 57 slides that will help India successfully draw the Test match. Tendulkar, although not born with a bat as he was at home level, had shown the severity of the hunger required at the world level by hitting and kept on the Test side.

Victory in Paradise

After the trip to Pakistan, Tendulkar traveled to New Zealand, scoring 88 more in one Test match, missing out on being the Test captain for the 12th time. He finally reached the line when India visited England in 1990, as they finally scored 119 * goals in the fourth innings in Manchester, digging India out of the hole and giving them a good chance of winning the game when there was a lot of sessions to beat. After scoring 100 goals in Manchester, he went on to score goals freely on the Australian tour, starting with 148 in Sydney and becoming the youngest batsman to win a Test 100 in Australia, as well as 114 in the bouncy WACA wicket, the most famous takeaway and a specialist, like his best Test innings.

After a series of fun plays in his first tour of the tour, Tendulkar was hailed as a natural talent and history of adaptability. He has continued to excel overseas, visiting South Africa in 1996/97, to score 169 points in Cape Town in a battle against years of Mohammad Azharuddin. It was a game won by India, but Tendulkar had brought India into a bad situation and showed a gap in winning power between him and his peers so much so that Allan Donald, who had threatened India’s top, admitted he felt like clapping for less. He had already shown off his batting ability in South Africa, having previously scored 111 (in a total of 227 teams) in 1992 on the crucial run of 1,000 runs in Johannesburg.

After a series of far-flung games, a solid home record has been given. He got his first Test at home in Chennai, scoring 165 smoothly playing England to lead his team to an innings victory. Little did he know that several of his knocks would reach the ground. In 1998, when the Tendulkar race against Warne was highly anticipated in the Australian-India home series, Tendulkar developed a coaching technique to sweep Warne out of the leg and knocked out the trick in the Chennai test by completely beating Warne in his 155-second innings. India went on to win the Test series 2-1 against Australia who won it all.

Strategies

“I was deeply moved by his approach. I’ve never seen myself play, but I feel, that this fella plays the same way I did. ”

Sir Donald Bradman, the last striker, once told his wife that he felt like Tendulkar was playing the same way he had been doing. It was probably the last compliment a batterer trusted to get.

By the time Tendulkar started playing Test cricket, the raw talent was clear, but his process needed to be polished. With a high body power that could be overlooked as a 16-year-old, Tendulkar was leaning on his belt in his position, which resulted in his head falling to the side, especially while playing to look at his leg. Years ago, however, Tendulkar developed a process that is ready to be used in a shooting simulator.

Sachin Tendulkar was in charge of the bat when he saw some of the most aggressive bowlers in their youth: McGrath, Fraser, Walsh, Ambrose and Pollock. In addition, swing-bowling artists such as Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis, spin legends such as Warne and Muralitharan, and express-pacers approaching powerful engineers including Brett Lee, Allan Donald and Shohib Akhtar, were high in their power during Little Master's reign. . Tendulkar not only survived the ambush of the millennium revolution, but also played his best cricket this season. How? It was all based on solid rock and solid rock formations.

The key was playing late. With the solidarity built into the usual opening first, his indiscriminate opposition and skepticism of the ball until he reached with a small back and punchy (almost zero) following that, made his basic process almost out of the air. This allows him to take the late course on the field and play football as quickly as possible. In addition to that the amount of energy and strength he was able to produce despite using low grip was one of several things for a man to lower his jaws.

Sachin's post-injury procedure was special in pulling and hitting, but it was very tight and strong, never allowing the upper part of the lower arm to leave the chest while driving, and allowing him to play ball under his eyes. The V's lower arm grip, though low, allowed him to watch the ball directly at the bat, giving him the freedom to find spaces with surgical accuracy, and to make shots at a crucial moment with the grace of a trapeze artist.

The back and across movements of the trigger and the still head are required to get a good view of your stop stop and to leave or play properly. Since his eye was the stump for delivery, he had a simple and productive way to leave the balls out of the eye line - and without the stump line. In addition to the logical mathematical calculations, this multi-faceted, multi-functional method forms the basis of Sachin Tendulkar's mythology.

Captain cuts

Tendulkar was made team captain in 1996 at the age of 23, but with 7 years of experience behind him. A poor record, egos of older players to handle, and a host of internal conflicts, would not have significantly reduced Tendulkar's action with the bat, as he continued to hit runs despite India being shut down by the opposition. In his second position as captain, which put him out of the competition, India lost the Test series to South Africa at home and Tendulkar's form hit a high note, and he dropped out of the captaincy. Sourav Ganguly took over the reins as leader in 2000, hoping to form a new Indian team amidst a stalemate that has plagued the cricket world.

Back to business

1998 was the year of Tendulkar as a striker; the year in which he played the most respected knock in his career, including his most famous ODI innings. He scored 143 points in the Coca Cola Cup league stages to take India to the Sharjah final, and then beat 134 in the final against Australia to take on India on their own. That same year, he almost made one effort in Chennai, almost netting 4 innings against Pakistan during the war, before leaving with India 17 left to win. India went on to lose the match, but Tendulkar was the man of the match for his good performance.

Tendulkar lost his father during the 1999 World Cup, returning home from England. He returned to hit 140 against Kenya, handed over a hundred to his father and gave birth to his habit of looking up at the sky a century later. In 2001, he won a 100th Test in Australia which determined the final series of franchises in India, which led to him winning a legend as Indian cricket redeemed itself in small game-fixing pits.

However, the following year he saw Tendulkar pass in a shocking manner, as he fought in New Zealand and the West Indies, before capturing 193 in Leeds to surpass Sir Don Bradman's 29th century figure. Tendulkar is back in his 2003 World Cup time, hitting 673 runs in a Man of the Tournament match on his side. India ended up losing in the final, but Tendulkar set a World Cup record that has been unparalleled so far. In addition, he undoubtedly played the innings of the biggest World Cup innings when he hit 75-ball 98 against Pakistan in Centurion while chasing 274 in the battery range of Wasim Akram, Waqar Younis, and Shonab Akhkhtar.

Tendulkar continued to hit runs, with a strange daddy here and there to satisfy his craving for dissatisfaction. This includes 194 * with Pakistan in Multan, 241 * in Sydney in 2004 and 141 against Pakistan in 5 ODI matches in 2004. However, India lost Tendulkar due to an elbow injury that sidelined him for the rest of the year. He returned at the end of 2004 to play Australia with a dead rubber band at Wankhede, and led India to a consolation victory with 55 goals at the minefield.

‘Endulkar’ and its debunking

After further surgery on his shoulder, he returned to the DLF trophy in Malaysia in 2006. He got a hundred on his return, a 40th century ODI, and used his work - he allowed his bat to speak in front of the "Endulkar" shenanigans.

After a turbulent period in Indian cricket, where the Greg Chappell incident took place, India was left to ruin the World Cup release in the first round in 2007. However, after Chappell's dismissal and MS Dhoni's recommendation as captain by Tendulkar, Indian cricket got its feet on it and again Tendulkar started to get runs and achieved great distances every time he took the bat.

Sachin Tendulkar continued to break many records in the next few years: he became the highest scorer in Test cricket, surpassing Brian Lara's record of 11,953 runs in Mohali against Australia. In December 2008, he chased an unexpected turn in a dry season in Chennai, knocked down 387 England tackles and hit a successful run of 103 *, and gave the Indian community much-needed comfort following the terrorist attacks in Mumbai on 26 November 2008.

After winning a series of Test series in England (2007), Tendulkar made a positive contribution to the controversial tour of Australia, where India lost 1-2, but it was a series that would have won India if it had not been for the shocking reception of a lawyer, showing great importance in context. of the series. In a subsequent CB series, Tendulkar turned all lovers by willow, scoring 117 * in the first final in Melbourne and 91 in the second final in Brisbane to lead India to their first ODI tournament on Australian soil. Tendulkar regained his former form and continued to score freely in all competitions, hitting 50 and 51 in South Africa's biggest Test in 2010 - another series in which India drew 1-1 but certainly threatened to win in Cape Town when the battle went awry. Tendulkar vs. Steyn has proven in all its hatred. He was named the ICC and ODI Player of the Year for 2010.

On February 24, 2010, Tendulkar became the first to reach the ODI conference to score 200 goals, scoring 200 * against South Africa in Gwalior, which is nearly two points ahead of a single year (163 retirees injured against New Zealand and 175 against and Australia). The landmark has been set several times since ...

Entering the 2011 World Cup with a lot of energy, Tendulkar contributed to the campaign with a victory of 482 runs, the second highest in the competition, and lifted the World Cup at home. He was surrounded by Wankhede, covered with tricolor on his shoulders - one of the most enduring portraits of a World Cup and perhaps in World Cup cricket history.

World Cup Hangover

After a dream come true at the 2011 World Cup, a blow came. Tendulkar, still trapped in the 900th century, seemed to be waiting too long ahead as he missed the line on the two-night Test trip to England and Australia, where he approached the line but failed to cross the line. After waiting a year, he finally reached the milestone in the Asia Cup league match against Bangladesh in Mirpur, beating his 100th international international to help India reach just 290 for India's bowling defeat in a critical period and allowed the match. His 51 defeat against Pakistan in the same tournament has been his last ODI match as he announced his retirement from ODI cricket on December 23, 2012, ending his career, so far, as the top scorer in over a century. way.

The nation is weeping

On November 16, 2013, 24 years and a day after he started playing in the Test, Tendulkar called a tearful match at Test cricket at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai. His 200th Test match, against the West Indies, ended in a win for India, as Sachin gave a good hand over 74 slips. Wankhede was shocked and horrified when he was caught slipping and had to return to the tent. However, his evocative speech after the game, in which he mentioned that the songs "Sachin Sachin will come back to my ears until I breathe my last", revived the crowd into a new song - probably the last.

A few selected souls may have even watched Don's bat. Growing enthusiasm, cracking of the ears, and tears when an unwanted person begins to sing with the crowd is the combined cocaine of this generation. The whole nation is at the top, where that icon stopping the show holds a willow and adorns a million - Sachin Tendulkar ....

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